Umbiko Wokuhlaziywa Kwenqubomgomo Yemboni Ye-Polyurethane

Abstract
I-Polyurethane iyinto esebenza kahle kakhulu esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni, kwezezimoto, kwefenisha, kwe-electronics nakweminye imikhakha.Ngokukhula kokuqwashisa kwezemvelo emhlabeni wonke, izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo mayelana nemboni ye-polyurethane iyaqhubeka nokuvela.Lo mbiko uhlose ukuhlaziya isimo senqubomgomo emazweni nasezifundeni ezibalulekile futhi uhlole umthelela walezi zinqubomgomo ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni ye-polyurethane.

1. Ukubuka konke Kwemboni Ye-Polyurethane

I-Polyurethane iyi-polymer ekhiqizwa ngokuphendula ama-isocyanate nama-polyols.Yaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini, ukumelana namakhemikhali, namandla okucubungula aguquguqukayo, okwenza isebenze kabanzi kumapulasitiki anegwebu, ama-elastomers, okokunamathela, okunamathelisa kanye nama-sealant.

2. Ukuhlaziywa Kwendawo Yenqubomgomo Ngokwezwe

1) I-United States

• Imithetho Yezemvelo: I-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ilawula ngokuqinile ukukhiqizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.I-Clean Air Act kanye ne-Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) ibeka imingcele eqinile ekukhishweni okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwama-isocyanate ekukhiqizeni i-polyurethane.
• Izibonelelo Zentela Nemixhaso: Ohulumeni bezifundazwe nohulumeni bahlinzeka ngezinxephezelo zentela ekwakhiweni okuluhlaza nezinto zokwakha ezilungele imvelo, bakhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane ephansi ye-VOC.

2) I-European Union

• Izinqubomgomo Zezemvelo: I-EU isebenzisa umthethonqubo Wokubhaliswa, Ukuhlola, Ukugunyazwa kanye Nokukhawulelwa Kwamakhemikhali (REACH), odinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele nokubhaliswa kwempahla eluhlaza ye-polyurethane.I-EU iphinde ikhuthaze i-Waste Framework Directive kanye ne-Plastics Strategy, ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane egaywa kabusha ne-eco-friendly.
• Ukusebenza Kahle Amandla kanye Namakhodi Okwakha: I-EU's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuvikela ezisebenza kahle, ithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamagwebu e-polyurethane ekufakeni izinto zokwakha.

3) I-China

• Amazinga Ezemvelo: I-China iqinise ukulawulwa kwemvelo embonini yamakhemikhali ngoMthetho Wokuvikela Imvelo kanye Nohlelo Lokusebenza Lokuvimbela Nokulawula Ukungcoliswa Komoya, ibeka izidingo eziphakeme zemvelo kubakhiqizi be-polyurethane.
• Izinqubomgomo Zemboni: Isu elithi “Made in China 2025” likhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqanjwa okusha embonini ye-polyurethane.

4) Japan

• Imithetho Yezemvelo: Umnyango Wezemvelo e-Japan uphoqelela imithetho eqinile mayelana nokukhishwa kanye nokuphathwa kwamakhemikhali.Umthetho Wokulawulwa Kwezinto Zamakhemikhali ulawula ukuphathwa kwezinto eziyingozi ekukhiqizeni i-polyurethane.
• Intuthuko Esimeme: Uhulumeni wase-Japan ukhuthaza umnotho oluhlaza futhi oyindilinga, okhuthaza ukugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza ye-polyurethane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-biodegradable polyurethane.

5) I-India

• Imvelo Yenqubomgomo: I-India iqinisa imithetho yokuvikela imvelo futhi iphakamisa izindinganiso zokukhipha umoya ezinkampanini zamakhemikhali.Uhulumeni uphinde akhuthaze uhlelo lwe- “Make in India”, ukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali yasekhaya.
• Izinzuzo Zemakethe: Uhulumeni waseNdiya uhlinzeka ngezinzuzo zentela kanye noxhaso ukuze kusekelwe ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithinta imvelo nobuchwepheshe, ukukhuthaza ukukhula okusimeme kwemboni ye-polyurethane.

3. Umthelela Wendawo Yenqubomgomo Embonini Ye-Polyurethane

1) Amandla Okushayela Wemithethonqubo Yezemvelo:Imithetho eqinile yezemvelo iphoqa abakhiqizi be-polyurethane ukuthi bathuthukise izinqubo, basebenzise izinto ezingavuthiwe eziluhlaza, futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuhlanzekile, bathuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuncintisana kwemakethe.
2)Izithiyo Ezikhulisiwe Zokungena Emakethe:Ukubhaliswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ziphakamisa izithiyo zokungena emakethe.Amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo abhekana nezinselelo, kuyilapho ukugxilwa kwezimboni kukhuphuka, okuhlomulisa izinkampani ezinkulu.
3) I-Incentive for Technological Innovation:Izikhuthazi zenqubomgomo kanye nokwesekwa kukahulumeni kugqugquzela ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe embonini ye-polyurethane, kusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha, izinqubo, nemikhiqizo, okugqugquzela ukukhula kwemboni okuzinzile.
4)Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuncintisana:Esimweni sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, umehluko wezinqubomgomo kuwo wonke amazwe uveza amathuba nezinselelo zokusebenza kwamazwe ngamazwe.Izinkampani kufanele ziqaphe eduze futhi zizivumelanise nezinguquko zenqubomgomo emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zomhlaba okudidiyelwe.

4. Iziphetho kanye Nezincomo

1) Ukuzivumelanisa Nenqubomgomo:Izinkampani kufanele zithuthukise ukuqonda kwazo ngendawo yenqubomgomo emazweni ahlukene futhi zithuthukise amasu avumelana nezimo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho.
2)Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezobuchwepheshe:Ukwandisa utshalomali ku-R&D ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe bezemvelo nokonga amandla, futhi kuthuthukiswe ngenkuthalo i-VOC ephansi kanye nemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane egaywa kabusha.
3)Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe:Qinisa ukubambisana nontanga bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo, ukwabelana ngobuchwepheshe nolwazi lwezimakethe, futhi ngokuhlanganyela ukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni esimeme.
4)Ukuxhumana Kwenqubomgomo: Ukugcina ukuxhumana neminyango kahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zezimboni, ukubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo kanye nokumiswa kwezinga lemboni, futhi kube neqhaza ekuthuthukisweni okunempilo kwemboni.

Ngokuhlaziya izimo zenqubomgomo zamazwe ahlukahlukene, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukukhula kokuqina kwemithetho yezemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo komnotho oluhlaza kuveza amathuba amasha nezinselelo embonini ye-polyurethane.Izinkampani zidinga ukuphendula ngokuqhubekayo, zithuthukise ukuncintisana kwazo, futhi zithole intuthuko esimeme.