Ingxelo yoHlalutyo loMgaqo-nkqubo woShishino lwePolyurethane

Abstract
I-Polyurethane sisixhobo esisebenza kakhulu esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulwakhiwo, iimoto, ifenitshala, izinto zombane, kunye namanye amacandelo.Ngokunyuka kolwazi lokusingqongileyo kwihlabathi jikelele, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemimiselo malunga neshishini le-polyurethane ihlala iguquka.Le ngxelo ijolise ekuhlalutyeni imeko-bume yomgaqo-nkqubo kumazwe angundoqo kunye nemimandla kunye nokuphonononga impembelelo yale migaqo-nkqubo kuphuhliso loshishino lwe-polyurethane.

1. IGlobal Overview ye-Polyurethane Industry

I-Polyurethane yipolymer eveliswa ngokusabela kwe-isocyanates kunye ne-polyols.Iyaziwa ngeempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini, ukumelana neekhemikhali, kunye nesakhono sokusebenza esibhetyebhetye, isenza ukuba isebenze ngokubanzi kwiiplastiki zogwebu, ii-elastomers, iingubo, izinto zokuncamathelisa, kunye nezitywini.

2. Uhlalutyo lwemeko-bume yoMgaqo-nkqubo lilizwe

1) eUnited States

• IMimiselo yokusiNgqongileyo: I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo (EPA) ilawula ngokungqongqo ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali.UMthetho woMoya ococekileyo kunye noMthetho wokuLawula izinto ezinobutyhefu (TSCA) ubeka imida engqongqo ekukhutshweni kokusetyenziswa kwe-isocyanates kwimveliso ye-polyurethane.
• IiNkuthazo zeRhafu kunye neNkxaso-mali: Oorhulumente baseburhulumenteni kunye norhulumente babonelela ngenkxaso yerhafu kwisakhiwo esiluhlaza kunye nezixhobo ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso eziphantsi ze-VOC ze-polyurethane.

2) IManyano yaseYurophu

• ImiGaqo-nkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo: I-EU iphumeza uBhaliso, uVavanyo, uGunyaziso kunye noThintelo lwaMachiza (REACH), olufuna ukuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokubhaliswa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada ye-polyurethane.I-EU ikwakhuthaza uMyalelo weSikhokelo seNkunkuma kunye neSicwangciso-qhinga sePlastiki, ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso yepolyurethane enokuphinda isetyenziswe kunye ne-eco-friendly.
• UkuSebenza kwamandla kunye neeKhowudi zokwakha: I-EU ye-Energy Performance of Buildings Directive ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokugquma ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwe-polyurethane foams kwi-insulation yokwakha.

3) eTshayina

• ImiGangatho yokusiNgqongileyo: I-China yomeleze ukulawulwa kokusingqongileyo kwishishini lemichiza ngoMthetho woKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo kunye neSicwangciso sokuSebenza sokuThintela nokuLawula ukuNgcoliseka koMoya, ukubeka iimfuno eziphakamileyo zokusingqongileyo kubenzi be-polyurethane.
• Imigaqo-nkqubo yoShishino: Isicwangciso-qhinga se-“Made in China 2025″ sikhuthaza uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yokusebenza okuphezulu, ukuxhasa ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kushishino lwepolyurethane.

4) eJapan

• IMimiselo yokusiNgqongileyo: UMphathiswa wezokusiNgqongileyo eJapan unyanzelisa imimiselo engqongqo malunga nokukhutshwa kunye nokuphathwa kwemichiza.UMthetho woLawulo lweMichiza ulawula ulawulo lwezinto ezinobungozi kwimveliso ye-polyurethane.
• Uphuhliso oluZinzileyo: Urhulumente waseJapan uxhasa uqoqosho oluluhlaza kunye nesetyhula, ekhuthaza ukuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yepolyurethane kunye nophuhliso lwe-biodegradable polyurethane.

5) eIndiya

• Imekobume yoMgaqo-nkqubo: I-Indiya iqinisa imithetho yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kwaye iphakamisa imigangatho yokukhutshwa kweenkampani zeekhemikhali.Urhulumente ukwakhuthaza inyathelo elithi “Make in India”, ekhuthaza uphuhliso loshishino lwasekhaya lweekhemikhali.
• Iinkuthazo zeMarike: Urhulumente waseIndiya ubonelela ngeenzuzo zerhafu kunye nenkxaso-mali ukuxhasa uphando, uphuhliso, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukukhuthaza ukukhula okuzinzileyo koshishino lwepolyurethane.

3. Impembelelo yoBume beNkqubo kuShishino lwePolyurethane

1)Amandla okuqhuba kwiMithetho yokuSingqongileyo:Imithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo inyanzelela abavelisi be-polyurethane ukuba baphucule iinkqubo, bamkele imathiriyeli eluhlaza eluhlaza, kwaye basebenzise ubugcisa bemveliso ecocekileyo, baphucule umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokhuphiswano lwentengiso.
2)Ukwandiswa kwemiqobo yokuNgena kwiMarike:Ukubhaliswa kweekhemikhali kunye neenkqubo zokuvavanya ziphakamisa imiqobo yokungena kwimarike.Amashishini amancinci naphakathi ajongene nemiceli mngeni, ngelixa ukugxila kweshishini kunyuka, kuxhamlisa iinkampani ezinkulu.
3) Inkuthazo kuTshintsho lobuGcisa:Inkuthazo yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nenkxaso karhulumente ikhuthaza ukusungulwa kobuchwepheshe kwishishini le-polyurethane, ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha, iinkqubo, kunye neemveliso, ukukhuthaza ukukhula koshishino oluzinzileyo.
4)INtsebenziswano yaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye noKhuphiswano:Kumxholo wokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, iyantlukwano kwimigaqo-nkqubo kumazwe ngamazwe ibonisa amathuba kunye nemingeni kwimisebenzi yamazwe ngamazwe.Iinkampani kufuneka zibeke iliso ngokusondeleyo kwaye zilungelelanise notshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukuphumeza uphuhliso olulungelelanisiweyo lwemarike yehlabathi.

4. Izigqibo kunye neeNgcebiso

1) Ukuziqhelanisa noMgaqo-nkqubo:Iinkampani kufuneka zikhulise ukuqonda kwazo imeko-bume yomgaqo-nkqubo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kwaye ziphuhlise izicwangciso eziguquguqukayo zokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa.
2)Uphuculo lobuchwephesha:Ukwandisa utyalo-mali kwi-R&D ukuze kuphuculwe ubuchwephesha bokusingqongileyo nokonga amandla, kunye nokuphuhlisa i-VOC ephantsi kunye neemveliso ze-polyurethane ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe.
3)INtsebenziswano yaMazwe ngaMazwe:Ukuqinisa intsebenziswano noontanga bamazwe ngamazwe kunye namaziko ophando, ukwabelana ngeteknoloji nolwazi lwemarike, kunye nokukhuthaza ngokudibeneyo uphuhliso loshishino oluzinzileyo.
4)Unxibelelwano loMgaqo-nkqubo: Ukugcina unxibelelwano namasebe karhulumente kunye nemibutho yoshishino, ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kuqulunqo lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokumisela umgangatho woshishino, kwaye ube negalelo kuphuhliso oluphilileyo lweshishini.

Ngokuhlalutya imeko-bume yemigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ahlukeneyo, kuyacaca ukuba ukonyuka koxinzelelo lwemithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho lohlaza lunika amathuba amatsha kunye nemingeni kushishino lwepolyurethane.Iinkampani kufuneka ziphendule ngokukhawuleza, zandise ukukhuphisana kwazo, kwaye zizuze uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.